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桓 伊

  • 发布时间:2016-08-09
  • |
  • 作者:青云谱区图书馆

桓伊(生卒年不详),字叔夏,小字子野(一作野王)。谯国铚县(今安徽濉溪临涣镇)人。东晋将领、名士、著名音乐家,镇南将军桓宣族子,其父桓景,曾任丹阳尹。

桓伊少有武干,性标悟简率,历任大司马参军、淮南太守、 历阳太守、督豫州之十二郡及扬州之江西五郡军事,升建威将军、 历阳及淮南二郡太守等。封宣城县子, 进都督豫州诸军事,西中郎将、豫州刺史,以淝水之功晋爵永修县侯,进号右军将军, 假节都督江州、荆州十郡及豫州四郡军事,江州刺史,召为护军将军。为政宽恤,安抚士民、“百姓赖焉”,于任内去世,追赠右将军、散骑常侍,谥号“烈”。

桓伊为人谦素,善吹笛,号称“江左第一”,有“笛圣”之称,著名琴曲《梅花三弄》是根据他的笛谱改编的。桓伊挽歌与袁山松的《行路难》﹑羊昙唱乐并称为“三绝”。曾参与著名的淝水之战,同时在谢安功名太盛遭晋孝武帝猜忌之时演唱曹植的《怨歌行》以进谏,谢安亦为之倾倒。在江州刺史任上,桓伊对庐山的佛学、文化起了极大的贡献,对东林寺的组建亦居功至伟,“一往情深”是桓伊的典故。

桓伊有军事才干,聪颖敏悟且简朴直率,被王濛及刘惔两个名士所赏识,故多次参诸府军事,历仕至大司马桓温的参军。 随着前秦的强盛,东晋与前秦接壤的边境经常发生战事,朝廷议论选出能够捍卫疆土的守将,就选中了桓伊,并任用他为淮南太守。桓伊在任内安定当地,并且有效抵御外敌,故此及后就加

督豫州之十二郡及扬州之江西五郡军事,升建威将军、历阳及淮南二郡太守。

太和六年(371年),前秦派王鉴及张蚝领兵救援据守寿春的叛将袁真子袁瑾,桓伊与谢玄领兵击败他们,助桓温攻克寿春,平定叛变。战后因功封宣城县子,进都督豫州诸军事、西中郎将、豫州刺史。太元元年(376年)又在桓冲指命下率兵进军寿春,以缓解前秦对前凉的军事压力。太元八年(383年),淝水之战发生,桓伊与谢琰及谢玄等共同抗击前秦大军,最终大败前秦。战后桓伊因功封永脩县侯,并进号右军将军。 

桓伊在豫州十年,安抚当地,甚得人心。至太元九年(384年)桓冲去世,桓伊代其镇守江州,假节都督江州、荆州十郡及豫州四郡军事、江州刺史。桓伊到后,见江州不与北方政权接壤,认为应当宽大体恤人民。故此上疏以“江州虚耗、连岁不登”为由建议合并各小县并免收江州人民拖欠上缴的粮米,又提议移镇豫章。朝廷虽然命桓伊镇江州原治所寻阳,但其他请求都予以接纳。桓伊在任因着事宜去安抚和帮助人民,都很得百姓信赖。多年后被征召为护军将军,并获赐以右军将军府二千人跟随他,转归护军将军府。

桓伊后来在任内去世,朝廷追赠右将军,加散骑常侍,谥号为。有墓于南昌城南蔡家坊石马街(今青云谱石马村)。

桓伊文武全才,忠肝义胆,雅好音律,一时无匹,才艺伎俩,无人匹及。御宴高歌,清越慷慨,肝胆照人,青溪畔吹笛,风流俊爽,千古传颂;玄心、洞见、妙赏、深情四美具,奇才、高节二难并。

桓伊不仅有着文韬武略,而且音乐素养颇为深厚,《晋书》上说他:“善音乐,尽一时之妙,为江左第一。”桓伊最擅长的是吹笛,有“笛圣”之称,据说他使用的竹笛,就是东汉著名作家兼音乐家蔡邕亲手制作的“柯亭笛”。伏滔《长笛赋序》:“余同僚桓子野有故长笛名柯亭”。可引为证。其吹笛出神入化,曾在笛上“为梅花三弄之调。后人以琴为三弄焉”。

桓伊在淝水之战后收集前秦步骑兵留下的铠甲,多年来作整理后共得六百领。又早作上表,命人在他死后上呈朝廷,就是要将这批铠甲献给朝廷,还望这会帮助到东晋统一。可见其忠。 

桓伊笛

据《晋书桓伊传》记载,王徽之进京时,泊舟于清溪侧,正值桓伊从岸上经过,二人素不相识,恰好船中有人认出他就是野王,王徽之即请人对桓伊说:“闻君善吹笛,试为我一奏。”此时桓伊已是有地位的显贵人物,但仍然十分豁达大度,即刻下车,蹲在胡床上“为作三调,弄毕,便上车去”,而两人却没有交谈过一句话。后来,宋人程大昌的《演繁露》中,记有“桓伊下马踞胡床取笛三弄”之事,人们由此引申理解为桓伊演奏、创作了《三弄》笛曲。明代朱权《神奇秘谱》中辑有《梅花三弄》琴曲,曲前小序云:“桓伊出笛作《梅花三弄》之调,后人以琴为三弄焉。”

音乐进谏

曾侍孝武帝侧,抚筝歌《怨诗》,谏帝宜远王国宝信重谢安,安为之感泣。

淝水战后谢安功名日盛,奸佞之徒嫉之,常常于晋孝武帝前诋毁谢安,君臣之间遂生嫌隙。 一日孝武帝于宫中设宴,桓伊侍坐。孝武帝命桓伊吹笛。桓伊神色自若,拿出随身携带的柯亭笛吹奏起来,乐曲抑扬顿挫,令人心醉,真可谓“妙声发玉指,龙音响凤凰”。一曲奏罢,满座翕然称善。这时桓伊放下笛子云:“微臣弹筝虽不及吹笛的技巧,然而亦足以韵合歌管。请陛下准我拂筝吟歌自弹自唱一曲,同时希望有一个吹笛人为臣伴奏。”孝武帝许之。桓伊鸣弦歌曰:“为君既不易,为臣良独难,忠信事不显,事有见疑患。周王佐文武,金縢功不刊,推心辅王政,二叔反流言”,唱的正是陈思王曹植的《怨歌行》(一题《怨诗》)。曹子建才高八斗学富五车,销魂绝代佳公子,却在胞兄魏文帝曹丕的猜疑迫害中了却残生。《怨歌行》一诗中曹植慨叹当皇上的难,做臣子的也难,皇上看不到忠臣的心,反而要加以猜忌。他以忠心辅政却难见信于天子的周公自比,正乃后世白乐天“周公恐惧流言日”之谓也。

当是时,桓伊抚筝而歌,“声节慷慨,俯仰可观”,筝声清扬,笛声宛转。谢安,那个年青时纵情歌酒高卧东山坚不出仕,淝水之战百万秦军压境尚且面不改色优游自若,得到前方破敌捷报后犹能若无其事从容续弈的谢安,此刻也为之动容,“泣下沾衿”,快步走出自己的席位,来到桓伊身侧对他说:“使君于此不凡!”孝武帝闻之则“甚有愧色”。与苏轼并称的宋代另一位大词人辛弃疾在《念奴娇·我来吊古》下片中“却忆安石风流,东山岁晚,泪落哀筝曲”数句,写的正是这个故事。谢安任相以来老成持重,公忠体国,行德政,安黎元,甚得民心。是以桓伊不以己身荣辱及家门盛衰为念,以国事为重,用管弦丝竹巧谏孝武帝,为贤相辩诬。谢安虽终不免见疑于朝廷,难逃舆止西州路之悲情结局,然能得桓伊为己直言恳谏,纵君子之交不过如此,亦足慰平生。 

一往情深

桓伊在驰骋疆场以外,还十分喜爱音乐,会作曲,善吹笛。除了吹笛子,桓伊也非常爱听别人唱歌,每当听到优美的歌声,他就会情不自禁地击节赞叹。当时的宰相谢安也十分喜爱音乐,两人见面时也经常谈论音乐。谢安见桓伊对音乐造诣很深,对音乐有如此痴心,便说:“桓子野对音乐真是一往情深呀!