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许逊

  • 发布时间:2014-01-06
  • |
  • 作者:青云谱区图书馆

许逊(239年-374年),字敬之,晋代著名道士,江西南昌县(今属江西)长定乡益塘坡人,祖籍汝南(今河南许昌),其父许肃于东汉末年率家避战乱迁居南昌,吴赤乌二年(239)许逊出生于南昌县益塘坡(今麻丘乡)。

晋太康元年(280)举孝廉,出任旌阳令,人称许旌阳、许天师、许真君。道教著名人物,净明道尊奉的祖师,中国民间信仰的神仙。传说许逊斩蛟龙治水,受历代朝廷嘉许和百姓爱戴,誉为神功妙济真君、忠孝神仙。

许逊信仰唐朝时开始兴起,在宋朝被朝廷所倡导,宋真宗大中祥符三年(1010年),将西山游帷观升格为玉隆宫。宋徽宗时上尊号为“神功妙济真君”,南宋时,“真君垂迹,遍于江左湖南北之境,因而为观府、为坛靖者,不可胜计。”。

在某些道教流派中,许逊与张道陵、葛玄、萨守坚共为四大天师。江西南昌民众及许姓人士,常视许逊为保护神。

台湾本岛以许逊为主神之庙宇以桃园县大园乡仁寿宫最为悠久,相传为清咸丰年间由福建漳浦人许文量恭迎感天大帝来台,乡内公众一同立庙,为大园乡内最大之公庙信仰中心,每年农历十月二十五日为安座纪念日例祭之期。大园乡内许姓裔孙众多,敬称许逊为“老祖”,乡内各姓信众亦多随之称呼。除“老祖”外,信众亦多称“感天公”或“感天大帝”。

许逊(239—374),字敬之,豫章南昌人,东晋道士,净明道派尊奉的祖师。相传著有《灵剑子》等道教经典。据道书记载, 少以射猎为业,一日入山射鹿,鹿胎堕地,母鹿舔其崽而死。许逊怆然感悟,折弩而归, 始栖托西山金氏之宅修道。闻豫章(南昌,或泛指江西)人吴猛得术士丁义神方,乃拜 大洞君吴猛为师,传三清法要。

他赋性聪颖,博通经史、天文、地理、医学、阴阳五行学说,尤其爱好道家修炼法术。二十岁举为孝廉,屡荐不就。二十九岁拜西安(今修水)大洞君吴猛学道,尽得秘传。三十六岁时与文学家郭璞结伴遍访名山胜地,最后选择南昌西郊的逍遥山(今新建西山乡)隐居,只求修炼,不愿为仕,平日以孝、悌、忠、信教化乡里,深为乡人尊敬。直至西晋太康元年(280)四十二岁时,因朝廷屡加礼命,难于推辞,才前往四川就任旌阳县令。

许逊到了旌阳,去贪鄙,减刑罚,倡仁孝,近贤远奸,实行了许多利国济民措施。有一年,旌阳大水为患,低田颗粒无收,许逊让大批农民到官府田里耕种,以工代税,使灾民获得解救。当时瘟疫流行,许逊便用自己学得的药方救治,药到病除,人民感激涕零,敬如父母。那时旌阳传唱一首民谣:“人无盗窃,吏无奸欺,我君活人,病无能为。”盛赞许逊的功德。邻县民众纷纷前来归附,旌阳人户大增。许逊在旌阳十年,居官清廉,政绩卓著,被人们亲切称为“许旌阳”。

太熙元年(290),鉴于晋室将有大乱,料知国事不可为,许逊挂冠东归。启程时,送者蔽野;有的为他建生祠、画神像,终年祭祀;有的千里跟随来到西山,聚族而居,与许逊为伴,都改姓许,人称“许家营”。


许真君东归后,时逢彭蠡湖(今鄱阳湖)蛟龙为害,水灾连年,许祖率领众弟子,足迹踏遍湖区各地。他不仅为豫章治水,还到湖南、湖北、福建等地消除水患,赢得人民的广泛尊崇,斩妖除魔,消除水患,赢得人民的广泛尊崇。

东晋元帝大兴四年(321),许逊隐居南昌南郊梅仙祠旧址,创办道院,名太极观,额曰“净明真境”,立净明道派。其宗旨为“净明忠孝”。传说许逊活到一百三十六岁,于东晋宁康二年(374)八月初一日合家四十二人一齐飞天成仙,世人尊奉他为“许仙”。东晋朝廷为了表彰他的功德,将旌阳县改名德阳县。后人在他居住地西山建起许仙祠,在南昌铁柱宫建旌阳祠,并受历代王朝赐匾表彰,宋王安石撰写《许旌阳祠记》。

元康元年(291)爆发八王之乱,许逊以晋室纷乱,乃弃官东归,与吴猛在豫章地区 传播孝道。据说许逊的西山教团有上百人的规模,教团骨干有十二人,称十二真君,即许逊、吴猛、


西山万寿宫(2张)

 时荷、甘战,周广、陈勋、曾亨、盱烈、施岑、彭抗、黄仁览、钟离嘉。 其中五人为许逊的家族或姻亲。他以南昌西山为中心,传教活动遍及豫章及附近地区,岳州平江(今湖南平江)亦有许逊传教遗迹。豫章各地多有许逊斗蛟斩蛇、为民除害的 神奇故事。道教传说,东晋宁康二年(374)八月十五日许逊“合家飞升,鸡犬悉去”。 西山道士乃以许逊故宅建游帷观为祭祀所。据《孝道吴许二真君传》载:每当许逊升遐 之日,“四乡百姓聚会于观,设黄箓大斋。邀请道流,三日三夜,升坛进表,上达玄元, 作礼焚香,克意诚请,存亡获福,方休暇焉。”①


宋代,许逊极得北宋皇室尊崇。大中祥符三年(1010),将西山游帷观升格为玉隆宫。政和二年(1112),遣内使程奇请道 士在玉隆宫建道场七昼夜,诰封许逊为“神功妙济真君”。后又仿西京崇福宫规制,在洪州西山改建玉隆万寿宫。建筑宏伟壮观,为宋代著名道观。南宋时,“真君垂迹,遍于江左湖南北之境,因而为观府、为坛靖者,不可胜计。”②宋代中国民间对许逊的信仰已很盛行。“每岁夏季,诸卿士庶,各各香华,鼓乐、旗帜,就寝殿迎请真君小型像幸其乡社,随愿祈禳,以蠲 除旱蝗。”③据传每年仲秋“净月”,前往西山玉隆万寿宫朝拜者,扶老携幼,肩舆乘 骑,肩摩于路。因此,南宋何真公、元初刘玉都假托许逊神灵降授,并尊为净明道祖师。

许逊事迹正史无传,道书所载,也多不一。如关于许逊得道,至少有三种说法:

得道于吴猛

《云笈七笺》卷一百六《许逊真人传》称:“(吴)猛升仙去 时,语其子云:‘吾去后,东南方有人,姓许名逊,应来吊汝,汝当看重之,可以真符授也。’至时,逊果来吊,其子以父命将真符传逊,奉修真感有愈于猛。”

得道于兰公

据《十二真君传》载:兰公系孔子故乡兖州曲阜县人,因“精专孝行”, 斗中真人特降授“孝悌之教”、“至道秘旨”,并预示晋代有真仙许逊,当传此“孝道 之宗”,为“众仙之长”。果然,兰公死后,其孝道秘法、宝经金丹、铜符铁券,为许逊所得。

得道于谌母

吴猛、许逊皆得道于谌母。《墉城集仙录》称谌母“密修道法,积数十年,…… 吴猛、许逊自高阳南游,诣母,请传所得之道,因盟而授之。孝道之法,遂行江表。” 关于许逊的籍贯,《云笈七?》说是南昌人。《十二真君传》记许逊籍贯为汝南,《孝 道吴许二真君传》谓许逊“望本高阳”。汝南许氏是汉代主持“元旦评”的名流,高阳 许氏是魏晋北朝的名门。这或许是为了神化许逊而有意的攀附。

古江西庙一般供奉许逊。